The Caribbean is a
region consisting of the
Caribbean Sea, its
islands (most of which enclose the sea), and the surrounding coasts. The region is located southeast of the
Gulf of Mexico and
Northern America, east of
Central America, and to the north of
South America.
Situated largely on the
Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 7,000 islands,
islets,
reefs, and
cays. These islands, called the West Indies, generally form
island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the
Caribbean Sea. These islands are called the West Indies because when
Christopher Columbus landed here in 1492 he believed that he had reached the
Indies (in
Asia).
The region consists of the
Antilles, divided into the larger
Greater Antilles which bound the sea on the north and the
Lesser Antilles on the south and east (including the
Leeward Antilles), and the
Bahamas and the
Turks and Caicos Islands, which are in fact in the
Atlantic Ocean north of
Cuba, not in the Caribbean Sea.
Geopolitically, the West Indies are usually reckoned as a
subregion of
Central America and are organised into 27 territories including
sovereign states,
overseas departments, and
dependencies. At one time, there was a short-lived country called the
Federation of the West Indies composed of ten
English-speaking Caribbean territories, all of which were then
UK dependencies.
The region takes its name from that of the
Carib, an
ethnic group present in the
Lesser Antilles and parts of adjacent
South America at the time of European contact. In the English-speaking world, someone from the Caribbean is usually referred to as a "West Indian," although the phrase "Caribbean person" is sometimes used.
The population of the Caribbean is estimated to have been around 750,000 immediately before European contact, although lower and higher figures are given. After contact, war and disease led to a decline in the Native American population. From 1500 to 1800 the population rose as slaves arrived from
West Africa, such as the
Kongo, Ghana
Ashante, Liberia
Mende, Nigeria
Igbo,
Yoruba and
Akan, and immigrants from
Britain,
France,
Spain, the
Netherlands, and
Denmark, although the mortality rate was high for both groups.The population is estimated to have reached 2.2 million by 1800. Immigrants from
India,
China, and other countries arrived in the 19th century. After the ending of the
Atlantic slave trade, the population increased naturally. The total regional population was estimated at 37.5 million by 2000.
Puerto Cruz beach in
Margarita Island ,
VenezuelaThe majority of the Caribbean has populations of mainly [Black] In the
French Caribbean,
Anglophone Caribbean and
Dutch Caribbean, there are minorities of mixed-race and European people of
French,
English,
Dutch and
Portuguese ancestry.
Asian, especially those of
Chinese and
Indian descent, form a significant minority in the region and also contribute to multiracial communities. Many of their ancestors arrived in the 19th century as indentured laborers. The
Spanish-speaking Caribbean have primarily
Mulatto, African, or
European majorities. The
Dominican Republic has a
Mulatto majority;
Cuba and
Puerto Rico have a European majority, and are primarily descended from
West Africans,
Native Americans, and
Spaniards.
Trinidad and Tobago has a multi-racial cosmopolitan society due to the arrival of the Africans, Indians, Chinese, Syrians, Lebanese and Europeans.